7 Ways Entertainment Writers Can Maximize Their Online Presence

7 Ways Entertainment Writers Can Maximize Their Online Presence Composing a significant element film or TV content is testing enough, however as an up-and-comer, hanging out in a packed commercial center may be much harder. Tinseltown is packed with beginner copyists plotting for a took shots at the spotlight, making furious rivalry as everybody racers for consideration from a constrained gathering of specialists, chiefs, and makers. With this, it might appear to be elusive an old buddy in the diversion business, however the web can surely be one in the event that you realize how to use it. 1. Blogging Creates Belonging A strong first beginning is making your own blog or site. Blogger 2. Internet based life: No Longer Optional Jump on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. In any case, don’t simply tweet or post about triumphs on your own page. Tail others in your field. Join filmmaking gatherings. Utilize the stages to connect with makers, chiefs and different scholars, look for coordinated efforts and work openings, share significant assets and get welcome to occasions. Truly, it’s hard to commend yourself in such settings without putting on a show of being self important, however until you have an operator or administrator doing it for you, the following best thing is to produce the help of an online network who can help 3. Those Mysterious Spec Script Marketplaces A few respectable commercial centers exist where essayists can feature theoretical material for expected purchasers. Probably the most unmistakable incorporate Inktip, Spec Scout and The Black List. The previous permits you to list any treatment as well as content for an ostensible charge while the last two sell examination benefits that bring about high-scoring contents being advanced on the web. Outside the box makers looking for reasonable and regularly explicit material from journalists will check these destinations. (Side note: Writer-makers who are looking for financing can likewise list their ventures on Slated on the off chance that they can get admitted to the site.) ​​​​​​​ 4. A Little Competition Never Hurt Screenplay rivalries are a reasonable method to create online buzz inasmuch as you perform well in them. The top finishers in very much regarded challenges like Nicholl, Final Draft, and Scriptapalooza †typically quarterfinalist level or more †will be referenced on their sites and in different online limited time materials. Content Pipeline, going above and beyond, offers finalists in their opposition both advancement help and online course of the material to a system of makers, specialists, and directors. 5. All Publicity’s Good Publicity Search out open doors with the expectation of complimentary exposure in online exchange magazines, screenwriter web journals, and amusement web recordings. Discover a point that makes your material or individual story special and pitch those site owners on why they should give you a stage. No decent at pitching? Indeed, you’ll need to take a shot at it on the grounds that it’s a basic expertise for journalists in Hollywood. Be that as it may, meanwhile, enlist a moderate transient marketing specialist like October Coast to assist you with finding such chances. 6. Shoot Something! Not all online introduction must be composed. Composing for the screen is only the initial phase during the time spent making a considerably more layered various media item. Shoot a scene from your content yourself to share on YouTube or Vimeo as an approach to show your scripting aptitudes practically speaking. Even better, check whether you can persuade an outside the box movie producer to shoot a short or do a web arrangement dependent on your material. When you have such a delivered credit, you can submit to have a profile on IMDB, maybe the most referenced online asset there is in amusement. 7. Be Down with the Cause Consider ways your material may have the option to draw in the consideration of accomplice bunches like causes, non-benefits or other unique interests. For example, if your content highlights a lead with mental imbalance, you may have the option to pull in the help of chemical imbalance establishments that can help give online presentation to the story. Material that is persuasive, reason driven or dependent on a genuine life figure is regularly the best fit for this. https://www.blogger.com/ https://www.wix.com/ https://www.weebly.com/ https://www.site123.com/ https://www.inktip.com/ https://specscout.com/ https://blcklst.com/ https://www.slated.com/ https://www.oscars.org/nicholl https://www.finaldraft.com/items/bb-challenge data/ https://scriptapalooza.com/ https://scriptpipeline.com/ https://www.octobercoastpr.com/ https://www.imdb.com/

Neuroscience Nursing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Question: Examine about theNeuroscience Nursing: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Answer: Crack of the Middle Cerebral Artery aneurysm with a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Crack of the Middle Cerebral Artery aneurysm brings about the improvement of roughly 80% of the instances of subarachnoid discharge that are non-horrendous. These aneurysms prevalently create at the fanning focuses or vessel bifurcations. Center cerebral supply route aneurysm is a kind of intracranial aneurysm (otherwise called berry aneurysms) and the greater part of these happen close or inside the hover of Willis (Wen et al. 2012, pp.688-699). Nonetheless, the most well-known area of the intracranial aneurysms is at the foremost conveying supply route and the center cerebral course bifurcation and aggregately establishes about 60% of the general aneurysms. 10 20% of the aneurysms create at the basilar and vertebral courses (Zanaty et al. 2014, pp.381-387). Subarachnoid drain is answerable for about 6% of the instances of strokes and influences around 6 to 9 individuals in a populace of 100,000. About 85% of the patients endure seeping because of intracranial aneurysms and 10% from the non-aneurysmal and prei-mesencephalic drain (Pierot et al. 2013, pp.27-35). 5% of the draining is credited to the vascular anomalies that incorporate vasculitis, arteriovenous deformity and tumor-related irregular veins. The mean period of event is 50 years, influences the more youthful populace and ladies are at a higher hazard contrasted with men for subarachnoid drain (Kalani et al. 2013, pp.428-436). Moreover, various looks into have been completed till date on subarachnoid discharge be that as it may, constrained investigation has been directed to clarify the neurosurgical mediations of center cerebral supply route aneurysm with a subarachnoid drain. In this task, the scientist will complete a broad writing survey to decide the neurological mediations of center cerebral vein aneurysm with a subarachnoid drain from the essential sources. Diringer (2009, p.432) completed an examination to show the administration of the subarachnoid drain because of the burst of the intracranial aneurysm. The article has shown a point by point experience of the neurotic condition with the common results and the necessary intercessions. Neurological mediations introduced in this article included neurological capacity appraisal with angiography planning. Neurological disintegration has been distinguished as the main indication of the turmoil with seizures. This article was gainful in understanding the condition from the neurological angle be that as it may, much consideration was not given to the administration of the illness from the neurological points of view with a more profound comprehension of the different parameters of mediation. So also, The entanglements of the illness and their administration have been very much talked about with arrangement of the early clinical consideration the board with basic pharmacological intercessions The fundamental contentions raised by the article expressed that veins get choked in view of the obsessive changes, unwinding of the intracranial supply routes are disabled trailed by the narrowing of the lumen and thickening of the divider. These outcomes in a diminishing in the cerebral blood stream that causes localized necrosis and ischemia. The article has all around clarified the pathophysiology that was very much upheld by the clinical intercession which expressed that catheter angiography and transcranial Doppler can be utilized for estimating the speeds of blood stream. Then again, the administration should be possible by a few prophylactic measures and nimodipine is the favored pharmacological intercession for vasospasm. Lumbar CSF depleting has been the proposed non-pharmacological mediation for forestalling the gathering of blood in the subarachnoid space and diminishes the danger of event of vasospasm. Conversely with the past article, another comparative article by Connolly et al. (2012, pp.1711-1737) took the contention forward for narrowing the holes from the past examination by expressing the rules identified with the administration of the aneurismal subarachnoid discharge. One of the neurological intercessions talked about in this article is cerebral angiography and it has been recognized as a generally utilized method for the condition. In spite of the fact that it has been acknowledged that figured tomographic angiography is the best intercession process for the treatment of aneurysm with careful section, it is as yet a contention to decide if its use is reasonable in situations where endovascular treatment can be another option. The creators completed an uncommonly point by point distinguishing proof of the different innovative details of the instruments and reasoned that 3-dimensional cerebral angiography was seen as more compelling and delicate than its 2-dimensional part ner. The article did an exhaustive conversation of the treatment of the cerebral aneurysms by pharmacological and non-pharmacological intercessions. Clinical measures ought to be embraced for the early treatment for decreasing the danger of re-seeping because of cracked center cerebral supply route aneurysm. For this, intense hypertension coming about out of aneurismal subarachnoid discharge must be controlled with drugs like nicardipine as it gives smoother control of circulatory strain over sodium nitroprusside and labetalol. Antifibrinolytic treatment has likewise been seen as viable in decreasing aneurysm re-seeping if there should be an occurrence of deferred aneurysm annihilation. Endovascular and careful techniques for the treatment of burst center cerebral conduit aneurysm incorporates microsurgical cut demolition and the article gave adequate proof to help the viability of this strategy. Besides, contentions have been put by the creator expressing that aneurysm repeat and f ragmented impediment is basically reliant on the arch size and the neck breadth. Expanding the pace of complete annihilation is conceivable by the consideration of high porosity stent, it ought to be bolstered with double antiplatelet periprocedural treatment for the avoidance of the blood vessel thromboembolism. Microsurgical approaches with unadulterated platinum curls are the technique for decision for the current endovascular innovation. It is hard to treat center cerebral vein aneurysm by the strategy for loop embolization and accordingly, careful treatment is the most ideal choice for its treatment. This article was extremely useful however needed a few different parts of nursing intercession for the treatment of the condition. A contention was advanced by Mery, Amin-Hanjani and Charbel (2008, pp.979-982) expressed that the ICG (intraoperative indocyanine green) video angiography for the affirmation of aneurysm destruction isn't secure and there have been cases revealing burst and development of the angiographically crushed aneurysms. ICG video angiography is an important instrument that is utilized when the highlights of aneurysms are perplexing and direct cut-out gets testing. Its viability can likewise be contrasted and catheter intraoperative angiography. In any case, the examination showed that ICG had a bogus sign of the aneurysm demolition and applies to the catheter angiography. In this manner, follow up on a drawn out premise is suggested with angiographic assessment with cerebral angiogram for the making sure about of aneurysm. To examine on the administration of subarachnoid seeping with uncommon spotlight on normalizing cerebral perfusion pressure, an exploration work was directed by Umamaheswara Rao (2007, p.12) to exhibit the pharmacological administration of horrendous cerebrum injury dependent on cerebral perfusion pressure. The creator exhibited cerebral perfusion pressure as the contrast between the intracranial weight and the mean blood vessel pressure. Subarachnoid discharge because of center cerebral supply route aneurysm is a type of cerebrum injury and its administration incorporates waste of cerebrospinal liquid through ventriculostomy, fundamental vasopressor and vascular extension. Then again, pharmacological intercessions remember mannitol for the portion of 0.5-1.0g/kg for keeping up the cerebral perfusion pressure at 70mmHg and egg whites implantations for assembly of the extracellular water into the intravascular compartment. Norephinephrine or phenylephrine without or with dopamine is u tilized for accomplishing the necessary mean blood vessel pressure.. Be that as it may, the non-pharmacological intercessions were absent in this article and to inquire about further on this angle, the writing search was continued. For conveying forward the contention, a comparative report was completed by (Meyer et al. 2010, pp.706-721) proposed some other pharmacological mediations for improving the neural recuperation after the aneurysmal subarachnoid discharge. The other pharmacological intercessions incorporate midazolam, narcotics, barbiturates, propofol, and hypertonic saline. Be that as it may, the specialists contended that the cannabinoids were seen as inadequate and the corticosteroids were accounted for to be contraindicated in the treatment of the condition. Essentially, the drawn out advantages from these mediations once in a while brought about the improved and long haul results for the patient. This recommended further examination is required to distinguish the non-pharmacological intercessions for the administration. As a help and continuation to the past examination, Meyer et al. (2010, pp.694-705) did an audit to decide the non-pharmacological intercessions for overseeing and keeping up cerebral perfusion weight and pulse. This examination exhibited the non-pharmacological mediations in arrangement with the discoveries from the past investigation and was a mixture of the discoveries from a few different investigations. The nursing intercessions proposed in this examination incorporate modification of the head pose, pivot of the body position, hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia and hyperventilation. Rise of the head over the heart level lessens intracranial pressur

War Brings Peace

First M . Last Name Professor ‘s Name Class and Number 7 February 2007 Can War Bring Peace ? War is considered as a specific part of a particular way of thinking , with Carl von Clausewitz being considered as the â€Å"only scholar of war ‘stated in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . It likewise says that it alludes to , â€Å"a marvel which happens just between political networks ‘ or â€Å"certain political weight bunches , like psychological militant associations , may likewise be considered 'political networks ‘ in that they are relationship of individuals with a political reason (Stanford ,War , 2005 . Then again , harmony is the quest for equity with inverse strategies for human decent variety and who look for harmony are pretty much liable for social changes in visionary manners , while the advocates of war are viewed as biased considering one thing †to win something they need , utilizing whatever techniques they have to achieve this . Re ligion has been accused as the reason for some wars , yet they believed themselves to be a support for peacefulness . A wellspring of contention ,religion is additionally a way of thinking and expert of harmony . Opposing in itself , this clarifies the clashing perspectives bringing war into reality . Not all wars are brought about by contradicting strict perspectives , however most of them are . Jenny Teichman wrote in The Philosophy of War and Peace that â€Å"Aggressive wars have frequently been pursued for strict reasons and still are today (Teichman , 2002 , pg . 2 . As per Alexander Mosley in Philosophy of War , â€Å"man can't stop war †it is his temperament to take up arms ‘ which backs my hypothesis that war is the result of man ‘s thoughts and henceforth is a result of decision . We battle for harmony through war , and war proceeds until harmony comes into beingâ€these are opposing proclamations . Harmony found through war isn't harmony , just a success win circumstance , or a give-in circumstance at the expense of lives , cash , and power win â€Å"Man picks war , and by this is implied that every individual member picks war (or needs to pick contrastingly , if war is pushed onto him through intrusion or enrollment ‘Mosley additionally expresses that , â€Å"The individual is a volitional being , whose perception is allowed to utilize and coordinate and in bunch action, for example, a fight , every individual must contribute his idea and exertion †regardless of whether just tolerating the sets of others (Mosley , pg . 39 . Does this allude to the craving for harmony †barely . It alludes to the reality many are at war through the wants of others for ulterior addition that has nothing to do with accomplishing harmony . There is nothing amiss with various perspectives †they are just unique ,with every individual reasoning their perspective is the right one - shockingly , many feel their direction is right for totally everybody with every other person off-base or fiendishness . To summarize it , how every one approaches getting their direction is the thing that lays the right foundation for war or harmony : one may calmly go about it with conciliatory and serene ways , such as†¦

What are the Effects of Globalization Essay - 550 Words

What are the Effects of Globalization? (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:GlobalizationGlobalization is the global integration of markets for goods, services, and resources. In these processes, domestic and geographical boundaries become increasingly irrelevant for commercial activities. Globalization came up when local companies and businesses became global operations, with companies trading with other countries and selling and distributing their products in new markets. Globalization is good for international business. It is also a way to enrich poor people from poor countries, but globalization has its terrible consequences like dumping and immigration issues. Globalization is increasing significantly and is creating opportunities for both developing and developed countries.Developing countries are now able to attract foreign direct investment and foreign investors (United Nations Staff 12). An influx of foreign companies leads to an increase in global trade through the opening up of boundaries. Hence, specializati on rises and those countries that are more productive than others produce goods and services cheaply (United Nations Staff 12). Trade makes businesses gain new technologies this lowers the cost of production. There are exchanges of harmful cultural practices from one country to another through trade, bad behaviours and morals become enlightened. Improvement in technology increases efficiency; however, automation in the manufacturing agricultural industry reduces the need for manual workers; thus, resulting in the rise of unemployment (Steger 23).Globalization has caused an increase in the standards of living in third world countries (Steger 23). It gives the developing nations an opportunity to get foreign assistance from other countries and multinational lending institutions. Hence, developing countries acquire advanced technologies and generate more employment, increasing their GDP, which raises the standards of living (Steger 24). On the downside, access to foreign credit leaves developing countries heavily indebted and this makes its citizens with an obligation to repay the debts for generations to come (Collier and Dollar 34).Globalization opens ups boundaries between countries and regions, leading to a freer trade between countries and regions (United Nations Staff 13). Thus, barriers to trade collapse and businesses have access to new markets. Access to new and wider markets allows domestic and home-grown industries to concentrate on producing product and services where they have a comparative edge than other countries (Collier and Dollar 34). Access to new markets has its disadvantages; businesses in developed countries dump their industrial waste in developing nations. Dumping poses a threat to humans, animals, and the environment by exposing them to technology debris and hazards. Globalization increases income inequality in developing countries (Kremer and Masking 20). While, an influx of foreign companies and foreign direct investment reduces the ov erall unemployment status and poverty, it also increases the wage gap between the low-skilled workers and high-skilled workers in tho...

Green Living - 5 Ways to Help Save the Planet

You may not be able to reduce global warming, end pollution and save endangered species single-handedly, but by choosing to live an earth-friendly lifestyle you can do a lot every day to help achieve those goals. And by making wise choices about how you live, and the amount of energy and natural resources you consume, you send a clear message to businesses, politicians and government agencies that value you as a customer, constituent and citizen. Here are five simple things you can do—in 30 minutes or less—to help protect the environment and save Planet Earth. Drive Less, Drive Smart Every time you leave your car at home you reduce air pollution, lower greenhouse gas emissions, improve your health and save money. Walk or ride a bicycle for short trips, or take public transportation for longer ones. In 30 minutes, most people can easily walk a mile or more, and you can cover even more ground on a bicycle, bus, subway or commuter train. Research has shown that people who use public transportation are healthier than those who do not. Families that use public transportation can save enough money annually to cover their food costs for the year. When you do drive, take the few minutes needed to make sure your engine is well maintained and your tires properly inflated. Benefits of Public TransportationKeeping Your Tires Properly Inflated Could Help Save the Planet—and Your Life Eat Your Vegetables Eating less meat and more fruits, grains and vegetables can help the environment more than you may realize. Eating meat, eggs and dairy products contributes heavily to global warming, because raising animals for food produces many more greenhouse gas emissions than growing plants. A 2006 report by the University of Chicago found that adopting a vegan diet does more to reduce global warming than switching to a hybrid car. Raising animals for food also uses enormous amounts of land, water, grain and fuel. Every year in the United States alone, 80 percent of all agricultural land, half of all water resources, 70 percent of all grain, and one-third of all fossil fuels are used to raise animals for food. Making a salad doesn’t take any more time than cooking a hamburger and it’s better for you—and for the environment. What Are the Negative Health Effects of Red Meat? Switch to Reusable Shopping Bags Producing plastic bags uses a lot of natural resources, and most end up as litter that fouls landscapes, clogs waterways, and kills thousands of marine mammals that mistake the ubiquitous bags for food. Worldwide, up to a trillion plastic bags are used and discarded every year—more than a million per minute. The count for paper bags is lower, but the cost in natural resources is still unacceptably high—especially when there is a better alternative. Reusable shopping bags, made of materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after each use, reduce pollution and save resources that could be put to better uses than making plastic and paper bags. Reusable bags are convenient and come in a variety of sizes and styles. Some reusable bags can even be rolled or folded small enough to fit into a purse or pocket. Reusable Bags: Paper, Plastic or Something Better?Why Stop Using Plastic Bags? Change Your Light Bulbs Compact fluorescent light bulbs and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are more energy efficient and less expensive to use than the traditional incandescent bulbs invented by Thomas Edison. For example, compact fluorescent light bulbs use at least two-thirds less energy than standard incandescent bulbs to provide the same amount of light, and they last up to 10 times longer. Compact fluorescent light bulbs also generate 70 percent less heat, so they are safer to operate and can reduce energy costs associated with cooling homes and offices. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, if every U.S. household replaced just one regular incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb, it would prevent 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, the equivalent of taking 7.5 million cars off the road. On top of that, for every incandescent bulb you replace with an approved compact fluorescent light bulb, you will save consumers $30 in energy costs over the life of the bulb. Change a Light Bulb and Change the WorldA Bright Idea Goes Global: Nations Worldwide Phasing Out Incandescent LightingChina Makes Commitment to Energy-Efficient LightingLet There Be Light: Solar-Powered LED Lamps Brighten Lives of Poor People Pay Your Bills Online Many banks, utilities and other businesses now offer their customers the option of paying bills online, eliminating the need to write and mail paper checks or to keep paper records. By paying your bills online you can save time and money, lower the administrative costs of companies with which you do business, and reduce global warming by helping to prevent deforestation. Signing up for online bill paying is easy and doesn’t take much time. You can either choose to have certain bills paid automatically each month or elect to review and pay each bill yourself. Either way, you will receive outstanding returns on your small investment of time.

Reading Comprehension From Research to Classroom Essay

Language plays a central role in almost all aspects of our lives. This paper will focus on examining the cognitive processes that are involved in using and understanding written language. Because language almost always involves units of language larger than an individual word or a single sentence, it is important to emphasize how people understand connected discourse, such as stories. Understanding these central cognitive processes will help school psychologists understand how to facilitate reading comprehension in the classroom setting. Although most of these psychological studies do not deal with specific methods on how to how to comprehend a story, these studies do indicate some of the more powerful factors that influence whether†¦show more content†¦Bartlett found that story recall depends on how memory is reconstructed, and that there would be selective omissions of information, rationalization, a dominant theme, and transformation of information and sequence, and gener al blending of information. Bartlett constructed a new framework for memory and explained the importance of prior experience in one’s memory for narrative information, which was different than the theories of the time that assumed memory was more like an exact replica of incoming information (Solso, 2008). Bartlett felt that readers used their prior experience to construct expectations about what should occur in a story. These expectations would influence how a text was remembered because the reader would interpret incoming information using what he or she already knew and expected. These prior experiences were labeled â€Å"schemata†. Knowing something about a subject makes it easier to learn more about that subject. Thorndike et al. explains that our prior knowledge serves as a framework which makes the new information more meaningful and easier to absorb. At Bartlett explained, comprehension depends only in part on the information provided by the text. To show how the reader also uses his/her knowledge of the topic, Anderson and Pichert (1978) directed an experiment where participants were asked to read a story about the home of a wealthy family from either the viewpoint of a homebuyer or aShow MoreRelatedApplied Behavior Analysis : The Challenges Of Intellectional Education868 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Students with disabilities often struggle in school specifically because their reading comprehension skills are inadequate. A four-week study was conducted to assess the impact of iPad assisted instruction (IAI) versus teacher directed instruction (TDI) involving 3 male individuals ranging from the ages of 9 to 11 years old who had an official diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and whose reading levels were at least 1 grade lower than their current instructional grade. AccordingRead MoreReading Comprehension Of English Language Learners At Harlem Success Academy1292 Words   |  6 Pagespromotion. In common classrooms, there are about twenty five- thirty students per one teacher. However, we must keep in mind that students learn differently and at a different pace. Unfortunately, there are standards and expectations students need to show to be considered â€Å" on the level, and proficient† in the content area. Differentiated Instruction is a strategy many schools require their teachers to use in order to meet the needs of all the child s needs in an inclusive classroom. In differentiatedRead MoreResearch: Tim Rasinski1165 Words   |  5 PagesResearching of Reading Expert Tim Rasinski Over the years education has evolved from the one room schoolhouse to multimillion-dollar campuses, naturally educational expectations have evolved as well. The ability to read was once a sign of wealth and sophistication; now reading is an essential skill to function in every day society. 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The program should include multiple instructional activities being consistently implemented in the classroom. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) determined, â€Å"37% of fourth graders read below â€Å"basic† level and much higher in minority groups.† (INSERT CITATION) More than 60% of African-American and Latino children are below grade level. A variety of instructional activities are needed to teach childrenRead MoreThe Performance Of A Third Grade Readers Practice1303 Words   |  6 PagesBased on the research, it was my belief that having struggling third grade readers practice songs, while reading the lyrics, on a regular basis would increase the fluency scores and overall reading achievement scores on the Basic Reading Inven tory (BRI). The dependent variable was the fall 2011 Basic Reading Inventory scores. These scores were measured again in the winter and spring. 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In addition, this paper will outline an explanation of how the strategies address the needs of diverse students inRead MoreA Research Paper on Remedial Program1649 Words   |  7 PagesEFFECTS OF REMEDIALPROGRAM ON THE READING LEVELS OF SOME GRADE ONE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Cebu Normal University October 2010 Mimieluz B. Patià ±o Venus Calinog Erlinda P. Inot Research Abstract Research Abstract TITLE:EFFECTS OF REMEDIAL PROGRAM ON THE READING LEVELS OF SOME GRADE ONE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS AUTHORS: Mimieluz B. Patià ±o Venus Calinog Erlinda P. Inot SCHOOL: Master of Arts in Education with the field of specialization in English Language Teaching STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Climate (3901 words) Essay Example For Students

Climate (3901 words) Essay ClimateChangeOver the past years most individuals have become acutely aware that theintensity of human and economic development enjoyed over the 20th century cannotbe sustained. Material consumption and ever increasing populations are alreadystressing the earths ecosystems. How much more the earth can take remains avery heated issue. Here a look at the facts sheds some very dark light. In 1950,there were 2.5 billion people, while today there are 5.8 billion. There may wellbe 10 billion people on earth before the middle of the next century. Even moresignificant, on an ecological level, is the rise in per capita energy andmaterial consumption which, in the last 40 years, has soared faster than thehuman population. An irresistible economy seems to be on a collision coursewith an immovable ecosphere. Based on these facts alone, there is gravereason for concern. Taken further, it is even more frightening to note that,while man has affected the environment throughout his stay on earth, the impacthas been most intense in the relatively short industrial era. Since theindustrial revolution, and over the past century in particular, mansecological footprint on the earth has quickly grown from that of a child to oneof a giant. True, this period is heralded as an economic success story, which itcertainly has been. However, many argue that it seems increasingly likely thatthe path to mans success will soon slope downward to his demise. The climateis changing, and so must we. This paper will look at the coin of climate change,where on the one side the human impact on the earth will be shown, and on theother, the impact of earth on man. Such a study is inevitably somewhatpolemical, as it is still open to debate what the precise effects of man haveand will be on climate change, and also what climate change will mean to man. Itwill also be quite general in analysis, as a paper of this scope can allow nomore. What will be made clear, nevertheless, is that the relationship between man and earth is clearly changing. More specifically, man is outgrowing theearth. If the relationship is to continue?indeed prosper?then a new balanceneeds to be found. The issue of climate change holds one important key to thisbalance. Man and the Environment Thomas Malthus is well remembered for hisposition as a doomsayer. When looking at the rates of population growth inVictorian England, he saw unchecked growth as leading to a rapid decline in theliving standards of man. He blamed this decline on three main factors: theoverproduction of offspring; the inability of natural resources to sustainrising human population; and the irresponsibility of the lower classes toprevent their overpopulation. Very generally, Malthus suggested that this trendcould be controlled only if the family size of the lower classes was regulatedso that poor families would not produce more children than they could support. He predicted that the demand for food would inevitably become far greater thanthe available supply of it. This prediction was rooted in the thought thatpopulation, when unchecked, increased geometrically; i.e., 2,4,8,16,32 whilefood products, or as he called it ?subsistence, only grew at an arithmeticrate; i.e, 1,2,3,4,5, He provided only a basic economic reason for thishowever, and generally attributed famine, poverty and other catastrophicoccurrences to divine intervention (he was a very religious man, a clergyman, infact). He believed that such natural outcomes were essentially Gods way ofpreventing man from being lazy. The point here is not to provide an evaluationof Malthus, and one might well argue that he was wrong in many of hispredictions; but rather to highlight the posit that man has long been livingbeyond his means. Sooner or later, this will have its consequences. As aspecies, our success has certainly been impressive, but it has come by turning ablind-eye to our surroun dings. A prime reason for our success is ourflexibility as a switcher predator and scavenger. We are consummately adaptable,able to switch form one resource base?grasslands, forests or estuaries?toanother, as each is exploited to its maximum tolerance or use up. Like othersuccessful species we have learned to adapt ourselves to new environments. But,unlike other animals, we made a jump from being successful to being a runawaysuccess. We have made this jump because of our ability to adapt environments forour own uses in ways that no other animal can match. Whether or not man cancontinue to adapt to the emerging environment, however, is a difficult question. In a (literally) rapidly changing world, it is difficult to look back on past orpresent to divine the future. But, using Malthus line of reasoning, one wayor another mother nature will surely ?take care of us. Lack ofresources, environmental degradation, famine and disease will in the painfulfashion known by our ancestors cut our species back. AIDS is the obvious exampleof a way in which to do it.Conditions already exist in several Africancountries for the virus to kill more people than are being bornHowever, withits incubation period of as much as ten years or even more, AIDS is not aboom-and-bust infection like the Black Death. Unchecked it could move on atime-scale of 200 rather than 20 years. But the effects could be asdevastating. It is thus clear that we can not go on as we have in the past. The questions of ?when and ?how environmental degradation will catchup with us remain. In passing, it should be noted that there are several (weak)arguments to be made suggesting the patterns of climatic change that have, andwill still, occur to be quite beyond the understanding and influence of mortalmen. As argued by C. W. Thornthwaite in 1956, man is incapable of making anysignificant change in the climatic pattern on the earth; that the changes inmicroclimate for which he is responsible are so local and some so trivial thatspecial instruments are often required to detect them. Another interestingargument against the severity of global warming, forwarded by Meyer in 1996, isthe artefact of a transition of stationing weather observatories near citiesthat have grown considerably during the same period. And place this curve, withits relatively small fluctuations, net to one of natural temperature changesover the last 20,000 years, and one might well despair of hearing any humanimpact s against so noisy a background. These arguments bring to light thecontroversy that surrounds the urgency of global warming and climatic change. Indeed, standing alone they do make compelling assertions that can only becountered by the application of theory. As also noted by Meyer, only byadding a theoretical explanation of the workings of the climate system, theprocesses that generate the events that we experience as weather and the orderthat we discern as climate, can we suggest with some confidence what would havebeen or would be the consequences of particular human activities. TheImportance of Environmental Viability Before moving on, it is necessary tohighlight the importance of environmental viability. While this may already bewell known, it is equally apparent that most individuals do not perceive it asan immediate problem. For most, concern with the environment is a distantlong-term problem that does not require todays attention. This has much to dowith the lifestyle that has created the problems in the first place. In ourincreasingly interlinked world there is a common strive towards a ?globaleconomy which is charact erised by the swelling of liberalised trade andfinancial capital flows. Though it is not certain at this point where this willlead, it is very likely that the result will be increased economic activity and,in turn, increased material and resource consumption. For many, at least in thedeveloped world, this means increased prosperity and enhanced standards ofliving. The glamour of this lifestyle, however, tends to hide the ugly facts. Consider, for instance, that already at this stage of development, rates ofresource harvesting and waste generation deplete nature faster than it canregenerate.As the world becomes ecologically overloaded, conventionaleconomic development actually becomes self-destructive and impoverishing. Manyscholars believe that continuing on this historical path might even put our verysurvival at risk. In contrast to the impressions of many, the environment isan immediate problem. Though environmental concerns are widespread and many,perhaps the most challenging is the significant (30%) increase in greenhousegasses accumulated in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. At presentrates of increase, these greenhouse gasses will again double by the turn of thenext century. The effects this will have on the earths climate remaincontroversial, but most agree that the earths equilibrium temperature will beaffected. The argument here remains, how much? This question will be looked atin the fort hcoming section. Climatic Change It is not surprising to note at thisstage that fluctuations and changes in climate occur both spatially andtemporally, the causes of which are a source of much speculation andcontroversy. What is unequivocal is that the past 2 to 3*106 years (and more)have been characterised more by change than by constancy. It is equally apparentthat climatic change, whether it is a response to natural or cultural stimuli,is complex. It is not yet understood which factors, either singly or incombination, create positive feedback, nor is it understood how theyinteract. Even further, the indices of climatic and environmental change overthe past 2 to 3*106 years have been proxy records, which makes theidentification of their underlying causes a formidable task. Having noted theseinherent problems, its is possible to objectively evaluate some of thepredictions that have been forwarded over time. There are several ways by whichclimatic change can be recorded and understo od. Three of the most well known arequaternary subdivisions based on the terrestrial record, ocean sediment cores,and ice cores. These methods have been used in isolation and also in conjunctionwith one another. Of particular interest here is the growing body of data thathas been collected from ice cores that is contributing to studies ofenvironmental change and aiding correlations between polar, continental andocean sediment records. The polar ice sheets and those of high tropicalmountains are nourished by precipitation from the atmosphere, the composition ofwhich is thus recorded as successive layers of ice accumulate. Such recordsprovide information on environmental change over the past ca. 200K years andbase line data from pre-and post-industrial levels for the biogeochemicalcycling of metals such as lead. Over the past century, countless theoriesabout climate change have been advanced and tested using the above techniques. Hamlets procrastination and co EssayExisting lakes and inland seas do have some measurable effects on temperatureand humidity in the ribbon of land along their shores, but no so large and sowidespread as ordinarily to justify creating new ones as climatic generators.The same type of controversy surrounds the desertification of land. Looking tothe cases of the desertification of the middle east, northern Africa, and India,it is argued that overgrazing by livestock both raised the albedo of thesurface and injected dust into the air; thus altering the regional heat balanceby reflecting away more solar radiation. A net cooling from these processes thenpromoted atmospheric stability and suppressed rainfall; the vegetation witheredunder the lessened rainfall and more dust swirled upward, magnifying theoriginal impact. The example of the diminishing rainforests provides anothergood, though controversial, case. As has been witnessed in these regions to somedegree, changing the earths physi cal landscape can have affects onmicroclimates. Cities, too, have witnessed some significant climatic changes asa result of increased urbanisation. The well-known ?heat island effect;i.e., a net elevation of temperatures above those found in the adjacentcountryside, has been well documented. It stems particularly from changes inthe land surface and the energy budget. Cities themselves generate much of theheat in which they bask or swelter. The roughness of the urban land surfaceretards the speed of the winds, and thus lessens the dispersion of heat; theimpermeable and well-drained surface is less moist, and so less heat is lostthrough evaporation; and the structures and surfaces typical of the city absorband retain heat at high rates. This increased heat may in turn result in fog,storms, precipitation induced by convective heating and pollution condensation. On a larger regional level, the distribution of species will be affected byclimatic change, which is likely to have widespread consequences for human life. Agricultural pests will be displaced, and the incidence of ?disease vectorsthrough the spread of malaria carrying mosquitoes, for instance, will affect thehealth and well-being of human populations. Mannion makes the observation thatareas of high altitude are those which have been most directly affected bythe advance and retreat of glaciers and ice caps. Indeed, the Arctic andAntarctic zones are currently experiencing glaciation, and it is from theseareas that much can be learned about glaciation. Many others share this positthat higher altitude will be more affected, but how much more remains thequestion. In sum, it must be said that the diversity of the earths surfacetranslates into a diversity of physical impacts of global changes, differentsocial impacts even of similar physical ones, different expectations of theirimpacts?which , of course, have often been wide of the mark?and differentcosts that any globally uniform change in behaviour would incur. Based onthis observation, it is quite likely that landlocked countries have nothing tofear in terms of rising sea levels, and areas that have traditionallyexperienced poor levels of rainfall may actually benefit from increasedprecipitation. Canada, however, as a nation that is very dependent onagriculture, forestry, and fisheries?and thus more dependent on climaticconditions?will likely be quite vulnerable to any climatic shifts. In general,however, it can be said that climate change may create opportunities for gainas well as for loss, but countries with different endowments of skills andcapital will differ in their ability to exploit those opportunities.Conclusion As has been advanced throughout this paper, there is a considerabledegree of uncertainty surrounding the climatic future of the earth. This,according to Mannion, highlights the complexity of the climate system and theinadequacy of current scientific understanding. This vein of thought also ranthrough the Rio Earth Summit, which recognised the realit y of global warming,but also the substantial scientific uncertainty with regard to its timing andmagnitude. This lingering confusion has made the problem of global environmentalchange the largest single problem facing the world scientific community.But, while the precise impact of mans footprint on the earth cannot bemeasured with great accuracy, there is no reasonable man who will argue thatcurrent rates of consumption are either beneficial or wholly necessary. Indeed,it is quite intuitive to conclude that increasing industrialisation andincreased economic output is a step in the wrong direction, at least in terms ofthe environments wellbeing. Given the state of present day research, it hasreasonably been estimated that under a business as usual scenario ofcontinued growth of fossil fuel use, and hence of greenhouse gas emissions, theglobal average temperature is estimated to rise at a rate close to 0.3C perdecade?a rate which is probably greater than any that has occurred on earth since the end of the last ice age, some 10,000 years ago. Associated with therise in global average temperature will be substantial changes in regionalclimate, especially in the intensity and frequency of droughts and floods.Though impossible to prove, in aggregate it has been argued that the change willbe large and greater than the earth has seen since the last ice age. If this iseven close to the truth, it is very likely that human beings and the earthsecosystems will not be able to sustain the pace of change in their presentsurroundings. What will happen at the regional and local level, however, is muchmore difficult to predict though in some cases, will likely be even moredevastating. From what has been shown in this paper, there is distinct reason tosuspect that higher latitudes will experience greater overall warming than lowerlatitudes. If this is indeed the case, the release of vast stores of carbonfrom the tundra peatlands and boreal zone will reinforce global warming. Moreover, if there are further reductions in acidic emissions, which at currentlevels cause a counteracting effect, global warming will be accelerated. Putsimply, this is not a good thing. Quantifying the extent of the potential damageis not only beyond the scope of this paper, but perhaps beyond humancomprehension (at this point) and even worse, missing the point. The onlycertainty about future climatic change is indeed uncertainty of its extent. Itmight not be wrong, given such circumstances, to prepare for the worst. Thepicture that this study has painted is, quite apparently, confusing and sombre. However, there is a faint stroke of optimism that can be added. E. G. Nisbetnotes that despite our losses, we are intellectually and physically richerthan any other generation of humanity. Our poverty is spiritual. It is wellwithin our power to be optimists, if we can dispel the cynicism of the pastdecades. If we are optimists, most things are possible. The challenge to cherishthe planet, to construct a new global economy, is far less than the challenge,in 1940, to defeat the last threat against human hope. This strain ofreasoning provides a welcome contrast to the depressing observation noted byBarrett at the opening of this study. And it is true, there is nothing tosuggest that we are firmly locked into a future that is condemned. For the firsttime in history, it may well be possible for a balance to be found between manand nature. BibliographyArcher, Eileen (1994) People and the Environment: Preserving the Balance,London: Association of Commonwealth Universities Goulde, Andrew (1997) The HumanImpact Reader, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Mannion, A. M. (1997) GlobalEnvironmental Change: A Natural and Cultural Environmental History, New York:Longman Press Meyer, William B. (1996) Human Impact on the Earth, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press Nisbet, E. G. (1991) Leaving Eden: To Protect andManage the Earth, New York: Cambridge University Press Wackernagel, Mathis.,Rees, William (1996) Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on theEarth, Philadelphia: New Society Publishers Westphal, Dale., Westphal, Fred(1994) Planet in Peril, Toronto: Harcourt Brace